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浅析英语中基本助动词的使用
摘 要： 协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。英语助动词在英语语法的学习过程中占有极其重要的地位。一般来讲，英语助动词可以分为两大类：基本助动词和情态助动词。基本助动词包括：be ，have and do，其自身没有词义，不可单独使用，但可协助主要动词完成以下功用，a.表示时态，b.表示语态，c.构成疑问句，d.与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，e.加强语气。 关键词： 英语助动词 基本助动词 使用
在英语语法体系中，基本助动词包括：be，do and have。它们本身没有词汇意义，只在动词词组中起语法作用，构成时态、语态、否定含义及疑问句。
一、基本助动词构成时态及语态
众所周知，英语中基本助动词是时、体及语态的重要组成部分。如果没有这些词，使用这种语言交流的说话者很容易误解彼此的意图。下面具体阐述它们的用法。
1.“be，do，have”可以用来构成一般时。例如：在一般现在时中，可以使用相应的“am，is，are”、“do，dose”及“have，has”；在一般过去时中，可以使用“was，were”、“did”及“had”；而在表达将来要发生的动作时，我们可以使用“be going to+infinitive”和“be to+infinitive”。 Eg：（1）I am drinking coffee at the restaurant.
（2）He has done his homework.
（3）He is going to be a doctor when he grow up.
2.“be”经常用来协助谓语动词构成进行体和被动语态。 Eg：I am reading an interesting book.（现在进行体）
在被动语态中，通常是由助动词be的一定形式加及物动词的-ed分词构成，即be-型被动态。
Eg：The Yankees were beaten by the Dodgers.
在学习语态过程中，我们通常会遇到一些主动句和被动句互相转换的练习，下面有两条基本规则：
1）主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语。
2）主动句的主语可以放在随后的“by”词组中。
Eg：All the six senators signed the bill.
——The bill was signed by all the six senators.
3.“have”经常用来协助谓语动词构成完成体及完成进行体。 Eg：（1）They have lived in that house for three years.
（2）I have been working here for 20 years.
二、基本助动词在特殊句式中的使用
在日常的语言对话中，我们经常会使用否定句、疑问句、祈使句、强调句及虚拟语气句来表达我们丰富多彩的情感，那么此时基本助动词就起着不可替代的作用。
1.否定句、强调句及祈使句中基本助动词的使用
在英语否定句中，我们将“not”放在基本助动词之后使原句达到否定的含义。
Eg：I am not a student.
在众多的基本助动词中，“do”的用法极其多样，它可以表达强调的意义。例如：Our represent does attend meetings，but he never says anything.说话者意图强调“我们的代表确实参加了会议”。
我们同样可以使用“be”和“do”引导祈使句来表达说话者的命令、要求、建议、义务等含义。例如：Do not waste your time.
2.疑问句中基本助动词的使用
疑问句，就其语法结构和交际功能来说，包括一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、附加疑问句等。在一般疑问句中，我们将基本助动词放在句子的主语之前。例如：Is there anything wrong with the machine?在特殊疑问句中，我们将基本助动词放在特殊疑问词与句子的主语之间。例如：Who are you talking about?
附加疑问句是一种常用于口语的疑问句式，主要由“陈述句+附加问句”构成，附加问句的主语要与陈述部分的主语相对应，谓语部分同样也要求一致，这时就要选择合适的助动词来完成句子。 Eg：（1）The students will soon arrive，won’t they?
（2）Everything seems all right，doesn’t it?
3.虚拟语气句中基本助动词的使用
虚拟语气句表达的是与事实相反的假设，它可以反映与事实相反的动作及状态。
通常我们会使用“if”条件句来表达非真实的状况，可以遵循下面的使用规则：（1）与现在事实相反的假设，虚拟条件句使用“if+主语+动词的过去式”，主句使用“主语+should，would，could，might+动词原形”。（2）与过去事实相反的假设，虚拟条件句使用“if+主语+had+过去分词”，主句使用“主语+should，would，could，might+have+过去分词”。（3）与将来事实相反的假设，虚拟条件句使用“if+主语+动词的过去式”/“if+主语+were to+动词原形”/“if+主语+should+动词原形”，主句使用“主语+should，would，could，might+动词原形”。 Eg：（1）He would come if you called him.（与现在事实相反）
（2）He would have come if you had called him.（与过去事实相反）
（3）If he should ask me I would be glad to help him.（与将来事实相反）
三、基本助动词的特殊用法
1.倒装句中基本助动词一般放于句子的主语之前。例如：I never heard of such a thing.如果需要强调句子的否定含义，那么将“never”提前置于句首，然后应该将助动词“did”放在主语之前：Never did I hear of such a thing.
Eg：（1）Only when we begin our college life do we realize the
importance of English.
（2）Not a single mistake did he make.
2.当连词连接两个句子时，我们可以在第二个句子中使用助动词代替相同谓语动词的重复。
Eg：（1）She plays the piano better than she does the guitar.
（2）Jack came late，and I did too.
情态助动词
1. 情态助动词基本用法——意义区别、时间背景、替换形式、否定形式
注：could, might, should, would只是在形式上是can, may, will, shall 的过去时形式，意义上并不对等。这四个形式也并不一定表示过去的时间。
2）理解应用情态动词后的意义变化
辨析：
John isn’t in class. He is sick.
John isn’t in class. He must be sick.
John isn’t in class. He may be sick.
推测性用法
辨析：
You must drink some milk.
You may drink some milk.
基本用法
2. 情态助动词推测性用法与非推测性用法比较——推测性用法的句法特征p207-2 从动词时、体、动词类型角度记忆
例：
It must be George.
I think I may have annoyed Mary.
He should still be working right now.
Could he be waiting for us at the station?
You look very tired. You must have been working all day.
最常用形式是情态动词后加动词一般形式（可从语意上区别），其次是完成体，与进行体较少，与完成进行体（此三种可先从形式上判断）搭配最少
1）形式与时间的关联
① 现在推测：情态动词+一般形式
例：You’ve been travelling all day. You must be exhausted.【英语退格虚拟助动词】
Winter must be cold for those with no warm memories.
A: I wonder where Tom is.
B: He may/ might/ could be in the library.
You must be joking. You can’t be serious.
Ring his home number. He’ll be at home now. (will 的确信程度几乎等同于
must)
② 强调“正在进行”：情态动词+ （完成）进行体
例：I can’t reach my friend. His line is always busy. He might be using the Internet
now.
They can’t be having dinner right now.
A: Oh, I must have been sitting in the same position too long. My legs have fallen
asleep.
B: Shake them a little before you get up.
③ 对将来的预测：情态动词+ 一般形式
例：A：What did the weatherman say?
B: It will rain tomorrow.
It should rain tomorrow.
It may rain tomorrow.
It might/could rain tomorrow.
It is a near certainty that science will discover the aging gene and find out
how to turn it off. The ethical problems of who shall live and who shall die and
who can have children in a crowded world will be monumentally difficult to
solve. （很确信）
几乎可以肯定的是，未来的科学会发现人类的致衰老基因，并知道如何消
除这一基因。到那时，由此引出的各种问题，比如让什么人长生不老，让
什么人寿终正寝，以及在这样拥挤的地球上谁可以生孩子，这些都将是难
以解决的伦理问题。
The results are expected tomorrow. We should know the results tomorrow.（很
可能会这样）
结果明天就出来。我们明天就该知道结果了。
④ 对过去的推测：情态动词+ 完成体
例：A：Why wasn’t John in class yesterday?
B: He was sick.
He must have been sick. 一定
He may have been sick. 可能
He could/ might have been sick. 或许
注：虚拟还是推测
比较并翻译
I don’t know who killed John, but I guess his wife could have killed him.
You could have killed me I hope you know.
我不知道是谁杀了约翰，但我猜测他的妻子可能杀了他。
你差点要了我的命，我希望你知道这一点。
分别从虚拟角度和表推测角度翻译
He might have been drowned.
虚拟：他当时差点就淹死了。
推测：他可能已经淹死了。
翻译
You might have been drowned!
你当时差点就淹死了。
翻译
You shouldn’t have drunk that wine. You might have been drugged.
虚拟：你不该喝那酒。要是里面有迷药把你迷倒了怎么办。
推测：你不该喝那酒。你可能中了里面的迷药了。
总结：需根据具体上下文选择适合的语意。
2）情态动词短语表推测
Look at that house! Those people have to have a lot of money.
He is really big; he has to be over seven feet tall.
He was really big; he had to be over seven feet tall.
3）情态动词+情态动词短语
例：翻译
He may be able to help.
You might have to work late. The others may be allowed to leave early.
We’re supposed to do our best and we should be able to finish this work before the boss has to start screaming at us again.
他或许能够帮忙。
你可能得加班，其他人或许能够早走。
我们得竭尽全力，这样才有指望在老板再次朝我们大喊大叫之前完成这项工作。
3. 虚拟式部分补充——p201-6
助动词(Auxiliary verb)和情态动词(Modal verb)
一． 助动词
助动词本身没有词义，而是用来帮助别的动词来表示时态，语态，语气等，或是帮助构成否定式或疑问式。
英语中的助动词有5个：
be (been, being, was, were, am, is, are)
have (has, had, having)
shall (should)
will (would)
do (does, did)
助动词必须随主语的人称和数进行变化。
助动词的用法
be可用来：
1. 构成进行时态
2. 构成被动语态
3. 和动词不定式构成谓语，表示：
1 按计划安排要发生的事或打算做的事（意思接近be going to）○“要”:
A new hospital is to be built in our district.
They were to leave the following day.
2 应当（该）做的事(接近should） ○
Nobody knew what was to be done.(没人知道该怎么办。)
You are to be back before five.
3 能够，可以做的是（接近can, may） ○
Such books are to be found in any library.
Not a sound was to be heard.
4 必须或不得不做的事（接近must, need或have to） ○
You are to move out of the house right away.
These books are not to be taken out of the room.
5 想要做的事（接近want to, intend to, 多用于条件从句中） ○
I must continue to learn if I am to make further progress.
If we are to be there in time, we’ll have to hurry up.
6 后来将发生的事（接近be destined to,多用过去时）○“一定”
He was to regret this decision.(这一决定他将来是会后悔的)
This plan, however, was to be alerted later.
另外，be 的过去时可以和不定式的完成形式构成谓语，表示“本来打算….”。 I was to have seen him yesterday, but was called away to attend a meeting.(我昨天本
来要和他见面的，但被叫去开会了。)
He was to have returned today, but was asked to stay another week.
have 可用来：
1. 构成完成时态和完成进行时。
2. 和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情。
The train has left. We’ll have to wait for the next train.
As the bus was no longer running, we had to walk home.
在口语中have got to也常用来表示同样的意思：
You’ve got to do it today.(=You have to do it today.)(你必须今天做。)
You have got to be telling lies sometimes.(有时你不得不撒谎。)
【注】have还可用在下面两种结构中(have为实意动词)：
1 Please have someone take these things to her house. ○
I wouldn’t have you do that.
2 I should like to have my hair cut this week. ○
Where did you have the photograph taken?
do可用来：
1. 构成疑问式和否定式。
2. 加强语气。
I do think you should go.
He did tell me that he would help us in the work.
3. 代替前面刚出现的动词来避免重复。
You don’t want to lag behind(落后). Neither does she.
She speaks much more fluently now than she did last term.
【注】有时，在代替前面刚出现的动词时，do后面还需加一个so字:
You should help him since you have promised to do so.
在作表意动词时do的用法越来越活，可表示种种动作，如：
Will you do the potatoes ?
She has done some really good essays.
Have you done the Tower?
He does his guests very well.
还可以表示“打扫”， “洗”，“刷”，“梳”，“学”，“翻译”，“演出”，“观看”等意
思。
Shall可以用来：
1. 构成将来时态，单纯表示未来情况。这时它在陈述
句中只用于第一人称，在问句中只用于第二人称：
We shan’t be back tonight.
Tomorrow we shall have finished the whole thing.
Shall you be free tonight? (No, I shan’t).
What shall you do next?
实际上，只有部分英国人这样用，其他说英语的国家都用will。
2. 用在问句中征求对方的意见和指示，这时可以用于第一人称和第三人称： Shall I turn on the light?
What shall we do this evening? Shall we go to the theatre?
Let’s have dinner out tonight, shall we?
Shall he come to see you?（你说要不要他来看你？）
Will he come to see you ?（他会不会来看你？）
第三人称用shall仅限于英国人。美国及其他说英语国家多避免这样用。例如上两
句就可以用should代替shall。他们有的人甚至第一人称也不用shall，而用will.
3. 用于陈述句中，表示允诺，警告，命令，决心，强制等，这时起情态动词作用，
可用于任何人称（这种用法现在已不很普遍）：
Don’t worry. You shall get the answer this very afternoon.(允诺)
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.(警告)
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.(决心)
will可以用来：
1. 构成将来时态，一般用于第二，三人称。
You will have got to Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
2. 用于疑问句，表示请求，邀请。
Will you type this, please?
If you want help, let me know, will you?
3. 用于陈述句，表示意愿，可用于各个人称。
I will never talk about that again.
We will uphold the wishes of the people.(我们要尊重人民的意愿。)
4. 表示某种倾向或习惯性的动作。
Fish will die out of water.
No matter what you may say, he will always stick to his own views.
5. 表示一种猜想。
This will be the house you’re looking for.(这大概是你找的那个房子吧。)
You will remember that we came to see you once last week.(你大概还记得我们上星
期来过一次)【英语退格虚拟助动词】
should可以用来：
1. 构成过去将来时态，作为shall的过去形式，用于第一人称。
He asked me whether I should be free tonight.
Did you expect that we should come so early?
2. 构成合成谓语，表示“应当”做或发生的事。
We shouldn’t throw cold water on him.
Such a thing shouldn’t be allowed to happen again.
3. 构成虚拟语气，用在：
1 条件句的主句或从句中。 ○
Let me know if you should hear more news.
（万一听到更多消息请你通知我）
2 表示目的的状语从句中。 ○
We went over the document again and again lest we should miss any of the main
points.(…，唯恐忽略什么要点。)
虚拟语气的用法及专项练习题
虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况，或一种主观的愿望，即动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实，或不可能实现。英语虚拟语气的形式有下列几种：
一、与现在事实相反
If had the time, John would make a trip to China to see the Great Wall. If I were you, I would give up drinking immediately.
二.与将来事实相反
If you should lose, what would you do?
1
If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her the truth.
If you went there next time, you would see what I mean.
三、与过去事实相反
If I’d known that it was going to rain, I would never have gone for a walk in the country.
四、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法
省掉if的条件从句结构：
Had you asked me, I would have told you.(=If you had asked me,…)
2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如：
A true friend would not do such a thing.
(=If he were a true friend, he...)
(=If there were no water,…)
(=If you hadn’ t helped me,…)
2
3.有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如：
If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now.
If I were you ,I would have gone home.
五、虚拟语气的其他用法
1、Suggest, advise等动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：
注意：在此结构中that不可省略；should省不省均可。
He suggested that they(should) stop smoking.
上述动词的名词形式出现时，that引导的从句仍用虚拟语气。
He made are quest that they (should)stop smoking.
如果that引导的从句所表达的内容是事实，也可用陈述语气。
He insists that he is right.
2
、It is(was)+necessary, a pity等+that引导的从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下： 3
It is important that you(should)follow the doctor’s orders.
It is right that you should have done your home work.
3、wish的用法
I wish I were a pop singer.(=I am sorry I am not a pop singer.)
I wish I had never stopped teaching.(=I am sorry stopped teaching.)
I wish they’d let us get some sleep.
注意：wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于：hope表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较：
（1）We hope they will come,(We don’t know if they can come.)
（2）We wish they could come,(We know they are not coming.)
4、as if, as though, would (had)rather (that)引导的从句须用虚拟语气，如：
4
Heactsasifnothinghadhappened.
Iwouldratheryoudidn’ttellhim.
5、It’s(high)timethat…+动词过去式或should+动词原形，如： It’stime(that)youhadahaircut.
It’shightime(that)wetooksomeaction.
5
第十一章
助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气
1. I have lost one of my gloves. I ____ it somewhere. 【05北京春】
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped
2. You ______ be tired - you've only been working for an hour. 【04全国】
A. must not B. won’t C. can’t D. may not
3. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _____ report it to the police?
【04全国】
A. should B. may C. will D. can
4. Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up. 【04全国】
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
5.--Tom graduated from college at a very young age.
--Oh, he ______have been a very smart boy then. 【04全国】
A. could B. should C. might D. must
6. --- I don't mind telling you what I know. --- You . I'm not asking you for it. 【04江苏】
A. mustn't B. may not C. can't D. needn’t
7. I ____ pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. 【04浙江卷】
A. should B. might C. would D. could
8. ---- Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.
---- You ______ have my computer if you don't take care of it. 【04湖南卷】
A. shan't B. might not C. needn't D. shouldn't
9.— No, I’m afraid he isn’t in. This is his secretary speaking. Can I help you? -- ______________.【04广东卷】
A. Oh, you will. B. Oh, that’s a pity.
C. I should think so. D. Well, I look forward to hearing from you.
10．—I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
—You________ her last week. 【04福建卷】 A．ought to tell B．would have told C．must tell D．should have told
11．Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else such a beautiful palace.
【04辽宁卷】
A．can you find B．you could find C．you can find D．could you find
12．—Mum, I've been studying English since 8 o'clock. I go out and play with Tom
for a while?
—No, I'm afraid not. Besides, it’s raining outside now. 【04辽宁卷】
A．Can't B．Wouldn't C．May not D．Won’t
13. — Who is the girl standing over there?
— Well, if you know, her name is Mabel. 【04天津卷】
A. may B. can C. must D. shall
14. “The interest______ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. 【04重庆卷】
A. may B. should C. must D. shall
15. Children under 12 years of age in that country ________ be under adult supervision when in a public library. 【04上海卷】【英语退格虚拟助动词】
A. must B. may C. can D. need
16. - Isn't that Ann's husband over there?
- No, it _______ be him. I'm sure he doesn't wear glasses. 【04全国】
A. can't B. must not C. won't D. may not 17. A left luggage office is a place where bags be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. 【NMET2003】
A．should B．can C．must D．will
18．How you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article ? 【2003上海】
A．can B．must C．need D．may
19. – Is John coming by train? 【NMET2002】
– He should, but he _______not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can C. need D. may
20.It has been announced that candidates_______remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 【2002上海】
A. can B. will C. may D. shall 21.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. 【2002上海】
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall
22.I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word. 【NMET2001】
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
23. --- Are you coming to Jeff's party? 【NMET2000】
--- I'm not sure . I ________go to the concert instead.
A．must B．would C．should D．might
24. －－Will you stay for lunch? 【NMET1999】
－－Sorry, _______. My brother is coming to see me.
A. I mustn't B.I can't C. I needn't D.I won't
25. --I stayed at a hotel while in New York. 【NMET1998】
--Oh, did you? You_____ with Barbara.
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
26. --When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-- They _____be ready by 12:00. 【NMET1998】
A. can B. should C. might D. need
27. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_______ get out. 【NMET1997】
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
28. Johnny, you play with the knife, You ____ hurt yourself. 【NMET1996】
A. won't; can't B. mustn't; may C. shouldn't; must D. can't; shouldn't
29. You didn't let me drive. If we in turn, you so tired. 【NMET1996】
A. drove, didn't get B. drove; wouldn't get
C. were driving; wouldn't get D. had driven; wouldn't have got
30. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . 【NMET1995】
A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken
31. ---There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. ---It a comfortable journey. 【NMET1995】
A. can't be B. shouldn't be C. mustn't have been D. couldn't have been
32. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack _________be here at any moment. 【NMET1995】
A. must B. need C. should D. can
33. —Shall I tell John about it? 【MET1994】
—No, you ______ . I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
34. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her. 【MET1994】
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
35. I didn't see your sister at the meeting. If she ______ , she would have met my brother. 【MET1994】
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
【答案与解析】
1. B该题考查情态动词的用法。根据I have lost one of my gloves.得知是对过去事实的肯定推测，
所以用must have done。句意：我丢了一只手套，我肯定是在某处掉了。
2. C该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。后面说才干了一个小时，因此是不可能累。表示可能性
的否定句用can't。句意：你不可能累，你只干了一个小时。
3. A 该题考查交际情景中情态动词的用法。should 在此表示责任或义务，意为：必须，应该。句意：
我经常看见那座空房子里有灯光。你认为我该报告警察吗？
4. A 该题考查交际情景中情态动词的用法。关键词he didn't show up，表明怀特先生该来而没来。
选A. should have arrived表示该做但未做。句意：怀特先生应该8:30开会；但是他还没露面。
5. B 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。第一句话：汤姆年龄很小就大学毕业。第二句话：啊，
他肯定是个很聪明的孩子。根据第一句话得知第二句话是一个对过去事实的肯定的推测因此选择D. must。
6．D 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。该题的关键是I'm not asking you for it.既然没问，
就没必要说。因此选择D。句意：“我不介意告诉你我知道的一切。”“你没必要。我没问你这件事。”
7. A 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。根据but后面的句子“我不敢肯定本周日是否有时
间”，说明前面是应该去，故选A。句意：我该去拜访特蕾西，但是我不敢肯定本周日我是否有时间。
8.A 该题考查情态动词的用法。shall用于陈述句第二、三人称, 表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、
决心等, 主语的行动受讲话者支配。句意：“对不起，我想用一下你的电脑打份报告。”“如果你不小心使用的话，你不得使用我的电脑。”
9. C该题根据交际情景考查情态动词。should 用于第一人称时表示某种条件下会产生的结果，意为：
该。句意：“不，恐怕他不在。我是他的秘书，你需要帮忙么？”“我想该这样。”
10．D该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。should/ought to have done表示该做而未做的事。
句意：“我明天要告诉玛丽有关她的新工作的事。”“你应该上周告诉她。”
11．A该题根据交际情景考查倒装句的用法。Nowhere是否定副词放句首，要求主语谓语借助于助动
词倒装。该题表示现在的时态，故选A。句意：可能你去过很多国家，但是你再也找不到如此美的地方。
12．A该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。据题意，此处是表示请求允许，故选A。句意：“妈
妈，我从8点就学英语。我难道不能出去和汤姆玩一会吗？”“是的，恐怕不行。还有，现在外面正下雨呢。”
13. C该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。据题意和说话者的不耐烦的语气得知应当选C. must
表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦，意为：偏要 。句意：“站在那里的姑娘是谁？”“啊，如果你偏要知道，她名叫梅布尔。”
14. D该题是根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。shall用于第三人称, 在条约、规定、法令等文件
中表示义务或规定,意为：应, 必须。句意：法官宣布:“根据双方达成的协议，息金应当分成五份。”
15. A 考查情态动词的用法。must“表示职责或义务上的要求”，意为：必须，应当。句意：“在那
个国家，12岁以下的孩子在图书馆必须在成年人的监护之下。”
16. A 该题是考查情态动词的用法。根据交际情景此处是表示可能性，用于否定句中一般用can't。
句意：“难道那个安的丈夫不在那里？”“不，不可能是他。我肯定他不戴眼镜。”
17. B 该题考查在特定语言环境中情态动词的用法。据题意：行李寄存处特别是在火车站短时间存放
包的地方。该题中情态动词can表示许可，should意为：应该；must表示必须；will表示意愿。
故选B。
18.A 考查情态动词的用法，Can在此句中是用来表示某种不满的情绪，意思为“你怎么能够说„”句
意：如果你只读了这篇文章的一部分，你怎么能说你真正理解了整个故事呢？
19. D 该题考查情态动词的用法。“He likes driving his car.”是题目的关键，由此可推知他有
可能不乘坐火车，may表示可能，符合原句的上下文意思。
20.D 考查情态动词的用法。shall用于二、三人称，要重读，不可缩写，表示意图、意志、允诺、命
令或必然结果等。意为：必须，应，可。句意：据宣布，考生在收卷前必须坐在自己的座位上。
21.B 考查虚拟语气，在宾语从句是一个含有条件状语从句的主从复合句，其中主句叙述的是与现在
事实相反的假设，从句则表示的是与过去事实相反的假设，因此B为正确答案。句意：如果我不在七岁的时候就迷恋上我们家乡的he Melinda Cox图书馆，我真不能想象我今天会做什么。
22. B 该题考查与情态动词shouldn’t have done的用法。shouldn’t have done表示不该做而做
了。从句意判断你不该一句话不说就走了，故选shouldn’t have done结构。couldn't have left意为：不可能离开。题意：你真急死我了。你不该一句话也不说就离开家。
23. D 该题考查情态动词的用法。应答语中的I’m not sure. (我不能肯定)，决定了下句不是很确
定的推测，因此用might意思为：“可能，也许”。must (must+be/have等表示状态的动词)语气最强，意为“一定，想必，准是”。should接近ought to，意为：“应该会，想必会”，推断往往是对别人或别的事进行的。句意：“你来参加Jeff的聚会吗？”“我不敢肯定，我可能去参加音乐会。”
24. B 该题考查情态动词的用法。据题意：“你留下来吃午饭好吗？”“对不起，我不能（留下来吃
午饭），我兄弟要来看我。”该题的关键是：My brother is coming to see me.据此应用I can’t 用来表示“不能”。mustn’t 表示禁止，needn’t 意思是没必要，won’t将不，虽然用Will来提问，据题意不能用won’t来回答。
25. A该题考查情态动词＋不定式完成时的用法。情态动词＋不定式完成时表示对过去发生的事的
猜测和判断。对话双方一位说在纽约时住旅社，另一位听了颇感吃惊（Oh, did you?）说，“你本可住Barbara处”，而他没有住那儿，这要用“could+完成式不定式”来表示。句意：“我在纽约住在一家旅馆。”“是吗？你本可与巴巴拉住在一起的。”
26. B 该题考查情态动词的用法，问句中顾客发出询问，问什么时候能取照片，明天要用。回答时A、
B、C项似均可。但A项过于直白肯定，没留退路； C项作答案不妥，might表示可能性用于现在时，表示对所推断的事情把握不大，本句中若使用might, 会使顾客很失望。选B项should，表示大致的推测，既回答了顾客的询问，不失礼貌，又为照片有可能尚未洗好，为顾客到时取不到留下回旋的余地。用词经过仔细推敲体现了店主的精明。句意：“我什么时候能取照片？明天12点前要用。”“明天12点前应该能冲好。”
27. D 该题考查情态动词的用法。句中连接词but表示转折，由此推理“大火虽然蔓延很快，大家还
是逃了出来。”，空白处为was able to，在肯定句中当某人具有某种能力而又使用了这种能力成功地做了某事用was/were able to而不用could。句意：“虽然大火蔓延很快，使旅馆烧起来，但大家还是逃了出来”。
28.B 该题考查情态动词的用法。第一个空格处填mustn’t用于表达“制止”、“禁止”的口吻；第
二个空格处用may表示“推测”，意思是“你可能会伤了自己”。句意：“杰克，你不许拿这刀子玩，那会伤着你。”
29.D 该题考查与过去相反的虚假条件句的用法。从You didn’t let me drive.可以看出是对过去的
描述，根据与过去相反的虚假条件句结构，条件状语从句应用过去完成时态,主句中用 would/should/might/could have done的结构。故选D。句意：你没让我开车。如果我们轮流驾驶，你就不会感到这样疲劳了。
30. C 该题考查由as if 引导的让步状语从句和被动语态的用法。由as if 引导的让步状语从句的
谓语动词应用虚拟语气，与现在相反的情况用过去时态；与过去相反的情况用过去完成时态。第一句话用了一般现在时态，因此as if 引导的让步状语从句的谓语动词应用过去时态，pencil 是break动作的承受者应用被动语态。句意：当你把一支铅笔的部分放在玻璃杯中，看上去她似乎是折断的。
31.D 该题考查情态动词的时态及其辨析。从第一句用了过去时态来判断，这是表示对过去事实的推
测。“情态动词＋不定式完成式”用来表示对“过去已发生行为”的推测。在否定句中，用can’t或couldn’t have done，所以本题正确答案为D。句意：“车上本来已经有五人，但他
们还是设法把我也带上.” “那次旅行不可能舒服”。
32.C 该题考查情态动词的用法。根据关键词at any moment可判断此题情态动词应表示，“可能性、
推测、推论”，惟should 可表示“推论”，译为“可能, 该”，所以选C。题意：“现在快要七点了，杰克随时会到。
33.A 该题考查情态动词的用法。根据“I’ve told him already”，所提供的信息来判断，没必要
告诉约翰这件事了，应选needn’t，needn’t have done 表示没必要做而做了。句意： “咱们把这件事告诉John怎么样？” “你不必了。我已经把这件事告诉他了。”
34. C 该题考查与情态动词should have done的用法。从句意判断本应给她写出来而没给她写，故
用should have done结构。句意：我和萨丽说了怎样来这里，或许我应该给她写清楚。
35. D 该题考查与过去相反的虚假条件句的用法。从I didn’t see your sister可以看出是对过去
的描述，根据与过去相反的虚假条件句结构，应用过去完成时态。句意：我在会上没看见你姐姐。如果她来了，他会见到我弟弟的。
第二节 考点归纳
不同的时态（一般式、进形式、完成式、将来式），不同的语态（主动、被动），不同的语气（祈使、陈述、虚拟），不同的结构（肯定、否定、疑问），以及说话者本身的态度或刊发（命令、请求、愿望、可能等），所有这些都要借助于助动词和情态动词表达出来。助动词一般没有词意，不能单独作谓语动词，除非省略句中。他们只参加时态、语态、语气或否定、疑问结构。情态动词有词义，
助动词的主要用法助动词一般没有词意，不能单独作谓语动词。其作用在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定、疑问等。
（一）助动词be（am, is, are, was, were, being, been）的用法
1、 be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。
Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴？
2、be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。
He was asked to do the work. 有人要他干这件工作。 3、be 后跟不定式作谓语，有如下几种情况：表示计划、安排将要发生的事；表示指示、命令，否定式表禁止；表示义务、责任等，同should；用来表示命运或注定等。
I'm to have supper with John this afternoon. 今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。
You are not to enter the room without permission. 未经允许你不能进入房间。
What is to be done?该干什么。
He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。
（二）助动词have(has, had, having)的用法
1、助动词have可以构成完成时或完成进行时
He has been a doctor for 10 years. 他当医生十年了。
2、和不定式构成谓语，表示客观上不得不做的事情。
-Do we missed the train?我们得立刻工作吗？
-No. We don't have to. 不，不必了。
3、do(does, did) 的用法
（1）构成疑问句或否定句
How did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。
He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。
（2）用于肯定句中加强语气，意为：真的、确实、务必。
He did tell that. 他的确告诉了此事。
Do come and see us. 一定来看我们。
（3）代替前面刚出现的动词，避免重复。
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