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篇一:《《致切斯特菲尔德大人函》》
Samuel.Johnson_Letter.To.Chesterfield
-------by Samuel Johnson
My Lord,
I have been lately informed by the proprietor of The World that two Papers in which my Dictionary is recommended to the Public were written by your Lordship. To be so distinguished is an honor which, being very little accustomed to favors from the Great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.
When upon some slight encouragement I first visited your Lordship I was overpowered like the rest of Mankind by the enchantment of your address. and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le Vainqueur du Vainqueur de la Terre, that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending, but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly Scholar can possess. I had done all that I could, and no Man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.
Seven years, My Lord, have now past since I waited in your outward Rooms and was repulsed from your Door, during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it at last to the verge of Publication without one Act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favor. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before.
The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a Native of the Rocks. Is not a Patron, My Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a Man struggling for Life in the water and when he has reached ground encumbers him with help. The notice which you have been pleased to take of my Labors, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent and cannot enjoy it, till I am solitary and cannot impart it, till I am known and do not want it.
I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligation where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the Public should consider me as owing that to a Patron, which Providence has enabled me to do for myself.
Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any Favorer of Learning I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less, for I have been long wakened from that Dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, My lord, Your Lordship's Most humble Most Obedient Servant.
Sam. Johnson
伯爵大人：
新近从《世界报》业主处获悉，有两篇文章是大人阁下所写，此两文把我的辞典介绍给了公众。如此出众，实是一种荣耀。因为对来自大人物的恩惠很不习惯，我真不知道如何承受这种荣耀，或以何种方式来感激。
当初，受到些许的鼓励，我首次去拜访大人时，像其他人一样，我被您谈吐的魅力所倾倒，不禁希望我可以吹嘘我自己是“世界征服者的征服者 ”。我的自尊与羞怯都不让我继续这种拜访。当我曾在公众面前对您致意时，我是尽我一个与事无征、不善阿谀奉承的学者所能具有的所有方式让人愉快。我已经做了我所能做到的一切，而他的一切努力被忽视了。哪怕是一点点的忽视，也是没有人会感到高兴的。
伯爵大人，自从我在您的外厅等候，或者说，被拒之于您的门外，已过去7年了。这7年中我含辛茹苦地进行着我的工作。现在去抱怨这些已无用了。最终，我的辞典出版在即，没有一个援助之举动，没有一句鼓励之话语，没有一丝赞许之微笑。这样的待遇我未曾盼望过，因为我以前从未有过保护人。
维吉尔笔下的牧童终认识了爱神，发现他不过是个荒山野岭中的野蛮人。 伯爵大人，这样的人不应算是一个保护者吧？他看着一个人在水中争扎求生而无动于衷，可是，当那人上岸后却以援助碍事，承蒙您关注到我的劳作。如果这种关注来得早一点，那会是善意的；但它耽延了，直到我已淡漠无兴，不能消受了，直到我孤独一身，不能分享了，直到我功成名就，不需要它了。我没有接受恩惠，就不承情。上苍使我独自完成事业，我不愿公众认为我应感激一个保护人，我希望这不是客薄寡情吧！既已在无保护人之援的情况下把我的工作进行到这一步，我不会感到失望的，虽然我要最后完结我的工作，如果无任何可能的援助，那就在无援的情况下去完结它吧，因为我早已从那种希望之梦中清醒。伯爵大人，我曾极其兴奋地自夸我自己是
您最恭谦最忠顺的仆人
塞缪尔·约翰逊
1775年2月7日
塞谬尔·约翰逊（1709--1784年）是英国多才多艺的文学家、语言家、新闻记者。《致切斯特菲尔德大人函》是约翰逊于1755年2月7日写给切斯特菲尔德伯爵菲力浦·多墨·斯坦厚甫(Philip Dormer Stanhope) 的一封信。在实质上，约翰逊的这种精神代表了英国新兴的资产阶级对封建权势的反抗。人们将约翰逊的这封信比做是“作家的独立宣言”。 1755年塞谬尔编的《英语语言词典》出版了。
篇二:《致切斯特菲尔德的信》
塞缪尔·约翰逊致切斯特菲尔德伯爵的信
1775年2月7日
在所附的汉译中，我个人比较喜欢黄继忠先生的，当然，辜正坤、高健译得也很好。罗珞珈翻译得就太率性而夸张了些，我以为是不妥的。比如，把“I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.”译为“我已竭其所能，使尽浑身解数，仍然无法获得阁下垂青，是可忍，孰不可忍也。”词锋毕露。约翰逊确实不满伯爵，这封信也确实给他畅快地表达机会，但是这信，至少在形式上仍是节制有礼的，而不是怒骂式的。
黄先生汉译中以“人之竭尽绵薄，辱遭鄙夷而复能怡然自得者，鲜矣哉！”来译“I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.”变动似乎大了些。难道“I had done all that I could”和“be it ever so little”都揉合在“人之竭尽绵薄”里了？“鲜矣”看来是译“no man is„”的，可分号的并列对照，和“be it ever so little”位置的补充侧重好像都没有了。
以“忆昔伫候于外室，见拒于侯门”译“since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door”原文中的“or”字改变了。对照辜正坤先生白话汉译 “从我第一次候立于贵府门下，或者说被您拒于门外时算起” 可以看出来。也许是文言为节奏所限而去掉了“或者”一词。英语中的“or”字却有程度上更进一步的作用，直接点到“被拒”一事，尽管形式上放在了从句的次要位置。
最后一句，与结束语是连在一起的一句，似不宜结以句号。辜正坤和高健的汉译都有意要译出原文的逗号来。
塞缪尔·约翰逊的这封信用文言译，从内容和形式上都应该是很好的选择，然而，要译得优雅自然却不容易。没有很厚的文言功底，译文很可能会给人一种印象：塞缪尔·约翰逊是一个傲慢、爱显摆又装腔作势的人。这应该不是塞缪尔·约翰逊的初衷。
致切斯特菲尔德的信
伯爵大人：
新近从《世界报》业主处获悉，有两篇文章是大人阁下所写，此两文把我的辞典介绍给了公众。如此出众，实是一种荣耀。因为对来自大人物的恩惠很不习惯，我真不知道如何承受这种荣耀，或以何种方式来感激。
当初，受到些许的鼓励，我首次去拜访大人时，像其他人一样，我被您谈吐的魅力所倾倒，不禁希望我可以吹嘘我自己是“世界征服者的征服者 ”。我的自尊与羞怯都不让我继续这种拜访。当我曾在公众面前对您致意时，我是尽我一个与事无争、不善阿谀奉承的学者所能具有的所有方式让人愉快。我已经做了我所能做到的一切，而他的一切努力被忽视了。哪怕是一点点的忽视，也是没有人会感到高兴的。
伯爵大人，自从我在您的外厅等候，或者说，被拒之于您的门外，已过去7年了。这7年中我含辛茹苦地进行着我的工作。现在去抱怨这些已无用了。最终，我的辞典出版在即，没有一个援助之举动，没有一句鼓励之话语，没有一丝赞许之微笑。这样的待遇我未曾盼望过，因为我以前从未有过保护人。
维吉尔笔下的牧童终认识了爱神，发现他不过是个荒山野岭中的野蛮人。
伯爵大人，这样的人不应算是一个保护者吧？他看着一个人在水中争扎求生而无动于衷，可是，当那人上岸后却以援助碍事，承蒙您关注到我的劳作。如果这种关注来得早一点，那会是善意的；但它耽延了，直到我已淡漠无兴，不能消受了，直到我孤独一身，不能分享了，直到我功成名就，不需要它了。我没有接受恩惠，就不承情。上苍使我独自完成事业，我不愿公众认为我应感激一个保护人，我希望这不是客薄寡情吧！既已在无保护人之援的情况下把我的工作进行到这一步，我不会感到失望的，虽然我要最后完结我的工作，如果无任何可能的援助，那就在无援的情况下去完结它吧，因为我早已从那种希望之梦中清醒。伯爵大人，我曾极其兴奋地自夸我自己是
您最恭谦最忠顺的仆人
萨姆?约翰逊
辜正坤先生白话体译文切斯特菲尔德。
伯爵大人：
近日从《世界报》馆主得知，该报刊载了两篇文章，对拙编词典颇多举荐滥美之词，这些文章据悉均出自阁下您的手笔。承蒙您如此的推崇，本应是一种荣耀，只可惜在下自来无缘得到王公大人的青睐，所以真不知道该如何来领受这份荣耀，也不知道该用些什么言辞来聊表谢意。
回想当年，也不知哪来的勇气，我竟第一次拜访了大人阁下。我像所有的人一样，深为大人的言谈丰采所倾倒，不禁玄想他年能口出大言“吾乃天下征服者之 征服者也。”——虽知此殊荣是举世学人所欲得，仍希望有朝一日能侥幸获取。然而我很快发现自己的趋走逢迎根本没有得到鼓励。不管是出于自尊也好，自矜也好，我反正无法再周旋下去。我本是一个与世无争、不善逢迎的书生，但那时我也曾用尽平生所学的阿谀奉承的言辞，当众赞美过阁下。能做的一切我都做了。如果 一个人在这方面付出的一切努力（不管是多么微不足道）受到完全的忽视，他是绝不会感到舒服的。
大人阁下，从我第一次候立于贵府门下，或者说被您拒于门外时算起，已经7年过去。7年多来，我一直苦苦地撑持着我的编撰工作。这些苦楚，现在再来倾 诉，已经没有用处。所幸我的劳作而今终于快要出版，在这之前我没有获得过一个赞助的行为，一句鼓励的话语，
一抹称许的微笑。我固然不曾指望这样的礼遇，因为我从未有过一位赞助人。
维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。 大人阁下，有的人眼见落水者在水中拼命挣扎而无动于衷，等他安全抵岸之后，却才多余地伸出所谓援手，莫非这就叫赞助人么？大人而今忽有雅兴来关照在下的劳作，这原本是一桩美意，只可惜太迟了一点。迟到我已经意懒心灰，再无法快乐地消受；迟到我已经是孤身一人，无从与家人分享；迟到我已经名闻海内，再 不需阁下附丽张扬。我既然本来就没有得到过实惠，自然母需怀感恩之心；既然是上帝助我独立完成这桩大业，我自然不愿让公众产生错觉，似乎我曾受惠于某一赞助人。但愿上面这番话不致被认为太苛刻、太不近人情。
我已经在根本没有所谓学术赞助人赞助的情况下使自己的工作完成到目前这个地步，那么，尽管我将要在更艰难无助的情况下—假如还有可能更艰难无助的话—完成全稿，我也绝不会感到沮丧。因为我已经早就从那个赞助的美梦里幡然猛醒；曾几何时，我还在那梦中得意非凡地自诩是大人
您门下最卑微/最驯顺的仆人/塞缪尔•约翰逊1755年2月7日
辜正坤 译注/文言体译文
致切斯菲尔德伯爵书
大人阁下：
顷得《世界报》馆主告知，该报近日揭载二文，对拙编词典，颇有扬善褒荐之词，闻皆出阁下手笔。厚爱如此，理当引为大幸。奈何在下不惯贵人垂青，茫然不知何以领受、何辞逊谢。忆当年，在下小蒙鼓励，竟斗胆初谒公门。大人之言谈丰采，语惊四座，令人绝倒，使在下不禁谬生宏愿：他日或能自诩当世：“吾乃天下征服 者之征服者也。”——举世学人欲夺之殊荣，或竟鹿死我手!孰料余之趋走逢迎，未蒙丝毫宠幸。尔后余自度不复干谒此途，自尊与自卑，皆勿与论也。余本一介书 生，不善谄辞，不尚交际，而曾一度当众致语阁下，可谓罄尽取悦文饰之辞。仆思已尽犬马之劳，虽功效绵薄，又何甘辛劳遭逢白眼之遇也。
回想当初侍立君堂，甚或见逐门首，忽焉七载飞去。斯年以来，吾力排艰辛，独撑大业，无援手相助，无片言相许，无一笑相期。幸得终竟全功，付梓在即。当此时，发怨尤之词，恐无益也。然余实从未曾知遇提携之人，自曾指望过蒙受惠顾。
维吉尔笔下牧童终与爱神相识，方知爱神原只是草野之夫。
设有人于溺水者奋命中流之际，漠然相对，视若无睹，伺其安全抵岸，方忽急伸援手，反增累赘，所谓赞助人也者，莫非即此辈耶?
大人而今忽有雅兴垂顾拙编，倘恩泽当初，犹可称善；奈何此惠顾珊珊来迟，我已心灰意冷，受之谅无深趣；我已鸳鸯失伴，有乐无人与共；我已名播天下，再不需阁下扬誉之辞!在下当初既不曾蒙恩．今朝亦无须感德；天帝既助我独成大业，今何敢欺世惑众，默认身后有所谓莫须有之赞助者?在下言辞或有苛刻不敬， 还望海涵。
余自承担此编撰业以来，从未获所谓赞助者分毫，亦使大业行将告竣，纵或杀青之际倍感艰难无助，余亦绝无失望之心。奢望赞助之美梦，梦破多年；堪笑曾几何时余亦曾梦中顾盼自雄、自诩为
大人您门下最卑微/最驯顺之奴仆/塞缪尔•约翰逊/一千七百五十五年二月初七日
黄继忠译
约翰逊致切斯特菲尔德伯爵书
1755年2月7日
伯爵大人阁下：
近闻“人世间”主人言：阁下曾二度撰文，将仆之辞典推荐于世，曷胜荣幸。然仆生平
鲜蒙贵人恩典，是以受宠若惊，不知何以答谢。
昔者偶为人言所动，初度造府晋谒；于君之谈吐，一似世人之倾慕不已。实望一登龙门，身价十倍；并冀能博得阁下之青睐，此天下人争相罗致者也。然仆之趋候，颇遭冷遇；其后遂裹足不前，半以孤芳自赏，半以自渐形秽也。仆本一介寒士，不求闻达于世，不善逢迎之术。前者于大庭广众之间得与阁下共语，曲尽所能，以期取悦于君，终不可得。人之竭尽绵薄，辱遭鄙夷而复能怡然自得者，鲜矣哉！
忆昔伫候于外室，见拒于侯门，岁月荏苒，春秋七易。七岁之间，仆厉志孟晋，披荆斩棘，致力于辞书之编著；个中艰辛，今日言之何益？所幸功垂于成，刊行在即，期间未尝获君一臂之助，一言之勖，一笑之惠。惟此等殊遇，原非所期，盖仆生平所迄未受恩主之惠。 弗吉尔诗中之牧者，其后终得稔悉“爱童”之为人，方知其为铁石心肠之辈也。
伯爵阁下：见人挣扎于水中则漠漠然袖手旁观，见其安然登岸则遽遽乎殷勤相助，此非恩主之为人乎？阁下于拙著之锦注，若在昔年，诚不失为美意；惜于姗姗其来迟，今仆已兴味索然，难以欣赏；仆已孓然一身，无人分享；仆已薄有声名，不劳垂颐矣。且仆既未受惠于人，自不欲对其感恩戴德；仆借天助独立完竣之功业，自不欲天下人误以为恩主所赐；此言谅不致失之于尖酸刻薄耳。
仆自编纂辞书以还，既未受惠于任何学术赞助人于前，则于今大功垂成之日，即无丝毫恩赐于后，亦当不以为憾耳。盖仆昔时固尝陶醉于希望之美梦，今则梦醒久矣。
仆山缪尔·约翰逊顿首再拜
致柴斯特菲尔德勋爵书
高 健 译 常 风校
勋爵阁下；
顷据《世界报》主人通知，该报近所裁有关拙著词典之推荐文章二篇，均系出自勋爵阁下手笔。承蒙如此重视，自是荣耀非常，但以平日末习惯于贵人之垂青，故余真不知将以何心情领受，并不知以何言辞鸣谢也。
犹忆当年小蒙鼓励，固有幸初次踵门拜谒之际，余之为阁下之辞令心醉，亦犹人也；因不禁私心庆幸，自谓将能以“世上征服者之征服者”而自豪，即世人所求而弗得之眷顾，余能得也，然继而发现，余之一番追随趋奉既悉数落空，乃至无论出于自尊自卑，似已皆不许可此种往来之继续。再如某次当众向大人致词之时，则于取悦一端，实已罄尽一介寒士之能事，固可谓已尽其在我；即或犹右未足，似亦未容如此忽视。
自曩昔候教于大人正厅外室，乃至见逐门外，于今已七年矣；在此七年间，余已将拙作之编著，于种种困难之中，向前多所推进(按此节固无须抱怨)，时至于今，业已出版有日。然于此期间，固绝不闻有一事之援助，一言之鼓励，一笑之赞许。此种厚待固亦不曾指望，余实不曾有过赞助之人。
魏吉尔诗中之牧童据云亦曾求爱而得爱，然殊不料爱竟与石同宗。
然则所谓赞助者即彼见人溺水呼救而无动于衷及其抵岸又重以援助相絮聒之人乎？阁下于我辛劳之枉顾，如其到来稍早，亦必曾令人感戴，然而延稽至今，我已麻木不仁，而不知感受矣；我已孑然一身，而无人得与分班矣；我已功成名就，而无此必要矣，然不得恩遇则难言领情。命运既以此书期委我于独成，我亦不应使世人误认我尚有赞助之人，此话谅亦不致视为苛刻。
既然此书之编纂迄今从未得彼学术赞助者之一顾，故值其告竣之际，实亦无虑其廑注之更少(如其尚可云少)，如今大梦既醒，余已不复为昔日颇曾以此为得意之阁下之谦卑至恭顺之牛马走
塞·约翰逊 1755年2月7日
致齐斯特菲伯爵书 罗珞珈译切斯特菲尔德。
伯爵大人钧鉴：
日前，乘世界日报业主告知，该报所刊对拙著《字典》赞誉交加之两篇文章，实出于阁下之手笔。阁下对本人如此揄扬，诚三生有幸。本人素乏伟人提携奖励，骤得恩宠，惶恐万分，不知该如何承受，如何致谢，始得其当也。
昔日，本人尝稍受鼓励，即趋阶请益。阁下言辞华美迷人，一介凡夫如我，何能免俗，禁不住陶醉神驰而沾沾自喜，大兴非独霸文坛而不罢休之豪情——曾几何时，阁下之言，虽犹在耳，阁下对我之垂顾，却已烟消云散，使我无论如何自欺，亦无法开释于怀。自问当初本人对阁下之尊敬忠诚，殷勤取悦，比诸任何煮字疗饥的文人，绝不逊色，我已竭其所能，使尽浑身解数，仍然无法获得阁下垂青，是可忍，孰不可忍也。
忆及当初本人或枯候阁下于玄关，或见摈于大门之外，时光无情，忽焉巳七载有余；当是时也，本人无一日不孜孜矻矻，夙夜匪懈，努力工作而无一字一句埋怨；如今大功告成，《字典》行将出版，亦无人助一臂之力，致一安慰之词，或对我微笑示惠，以资鼓励。世所谓“恩主”（Patron）者，与本人一向无缘，今后亦不敢有此奢望。
维吉尔诗中之牧羊童子，最后虽有幸结识爱神（Love），但早已奄奄一息，僵卧于野，为时已晚矣！
阁下，世之所谓恩主者，岂见溺不救，任其浮沉，不加理睬，及其登岸，又伸以援手，示以关切者之流耶？阁下对本人挖空心思之捧场文章，如果早来一步，不知使我将物和感激涕零；然而，时过境迁，一切均成明日黄花，本人现已无心强颜欢笑，自我陶醉；当我孤独一人，呼天既不应，呼地亦无闻，现我功成名就，又何劳他人锦上添花，代为吹嘘。此乃出自肺腑之言，并非一时意气之争，尚希仁人君子不至于误解本人乃忘恩负义之徒，因我既无恩可忘，更无义可负也。
本人工作已近完成阶段。以往既未蒙任何文坛先进，衮衮诸公，提携奖掖，如今亦不会因此而伤心欲绝，肝肠寸断。对于一切事后溢美之词，最好能省即省，能免则免。对于曩昔信以为真，全心以赴的千秋大梦，本人已梦醒多时！
此颂 约翰逊再拜
篇三:《切斯特菲尔德》切斯特菲尔德。
Lord Chesterfield’s Letter to His Son
Born on 22 September 1694, Philip Dormer Stanhope, namely, Lord Chesterfield, is the son of Philip Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Chesterfield and Lady Elizabeth Savile. He was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, till the age of nineteen, in 1715 he became M.P. for St. Germans. In 1715 he became Lord of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales and continued in this position when the Prince became King George II. In 1722 he became M.P. for Lostwithiel until, in 1723, he lost his seat on accepting office. In 1733 he married Melusina de Schulenberg, Countess of Walsingham, the illegitimate daughter of King George I. He was about thirty-nine and she forty and no children were born from this union. Other than the status of a rich and distinguished
politician, Lord Chesterfield also is a well-known wrier himself. He writes tracts and contributes to various papers. In addition, he was famed for his kindness toward starters in literature. However, what makes him really well-known is for his dispute with Samuel Johnson over the dedication to the English Dictionary. In his famous letter, Samuel Johnson bitterly rejected Chesterfield’s recommendation切斯特菲尔德。
of his dictionary and asserted his independence from patronage.
Apart from his connection with Johnson’s dictionary, Lord Chesterfield is remembered today mainly for his letters to his natural son Philip Stanhope. In the letter to his son, who is “coming into the world”, Chesterfield discusses friendship and company. Firstly, he describes two types of friendship in the world: the friendship of
“fools” and the “confederacy” of “knaves”. He wants to raise his son’s awareness of this disparate friendship, thus learn to cope with it. Instead of declaring enemy to the knaves and fools, he suggests his son to choose“secure neutrality, than alliance, or war with either of them”. He expects his son to be outwardly polite and cordial but inwardly reserved and disbelieving.
Secondly, he gives some advice on the choice of company. He instructs his son to keep company with people above him, namely, “the beau monde”, “all the princes of Europe” in his own case, and distinguished people in art or science. Moreover, he asks his son to avoid those who “are honored by being in your company” and “who flatter every vice and every folly you have”. In the next paragraph, he gives
instructions on how to get the best company with politeness and good-breeding. And at the end of his letter, he uses a demanding and didactic tone to threaten his son into behaving well.
With keen wit, exquisite observation, convincing
deduction and stylistic elegance, Chesterfield’s letter fully demonstrates his wisdom and writing skills. Evolving around topic of friend and company, the letter is neatly structured. And lots of rhetoric is used here. Take the following sentence for example. “Receive them with great civility, but with great incredulity too; pay them with compliments, but not with confidence.” Antithesis is employed here to show how to receive some preferred friendship. The frequent use of prepositional phrases quicken the rhythm of reading speed, thus can reinforce the strength of emotion, in this letter, reinforce Lord
Chesterfield’s epigrammatic style. Moreover, we can see parallelism in this letter: “however, they have the impudence and folly to call this confederacy a friendship. They lend one another money, for bad purposes; they engage in quarrels, offensive and defensive for their accomplices ; they tell one another all they know, and often more too,
when, of a sudden, some accident disperses them and they think no more of each other, unless it be to betray and laugh, at their imprudent confidence”. The parallel and balanced structures can make the expressions pointed and easily remembered. Here, Chesterfield begins every sentence with “they” to describe people who can’t be treated as friends. The didactic tone is very compelling. And rhetorical question is used in this letter: “you may possibly ask me, whether a man has it always in his power to get the best company? And how? I say, yes„”This rhetorical question naturally leads to another paragraph, on how to “get the best company” with merit and good breeding.
All in all, from the letter we not only can feel Lord Chesterfield’s love for his son, but also we can derive some enlightenment of making friends and writing skills from it. With its pithy expression, unfailing common sense and sparkling wit, this letter deserves us to “digest” and assimilate.